Whatever possessed Vice President Kamala Harris to pick Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz as her running mate, it probably wasn鈥檛 a desire to inflame arguments about apostrophes. But it doesn鈥檛 take much to get grammar nerds fired up.
鈥淭he lower the stakes, the bigger the fight,鈥� said Ron Woloshun, a creative director and digital marketer in California who jumped into the fray on social media less than an hour after Harris selected Walz last week to offer his take on possessive proper nouns.
The Associated Press Stylebook says 鈥渦se only an apostrophe鈥� for singular proper names ending in S: Dickens鈥� novels, Hercules鈥� labors, Jesus鈥� life. But not everyone agrees.
Debate about possessive proper names ending in S started soon after President Joe Biden cleared the way for Harris to run last month. Is it Harris' or Harris's? But the selection of Walz with his sounds-like-an-s surname really ramped it up, said Benjamin Dreyer, the retired copy chief at Random House and author of 鈥淒reyer鈥檚 English: An Utterly Correct Guide to Clarity and Style鈥�.
Dreyer was inundated with questions within minutes of the announcement, which came while he was at the dentist.
鈥淚 was like, 鈥楢ll right, everybody just has to chill. I鈥檒l be home in a little while and I can get to my desk,鈥欌�� he said.
While there is widespread agreement that Walz's is correct, confusion persists about Harris' vs. Harris's. Dreyer's verdict? Add the 鈥檚.
鈥淭o set the 鈥檚 is just simpler, and then you can take your valuable brain cells and apply them to more important things,鈥� he said.
Woloshun chimed in with a similar opinion on the social platform X, where apostrophes are 小蓝视频 thrown around like hand grenades. 鈥淭he rule is simple: If you say the S, spell the S,鈥� he argued.
That puts them on the same side as The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal 鈥� and at odds with AP.
While AP style has evolved on many fronts over the years, there are no immediate plans to change the guidance on possessives, said Amanda Barrett, AP鈥檚 vice president for news standards and inclusion.
鈥淭his is a longstanding policy for the AP. It has served us well, and we鈥檝e not seen any real need to change,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e do know that the conversation is out there and people make different choices when it comes to grammar, and that鈥檚 all fine. Everyone makes a choice that works best for them.鈥�
Timothy Pulju, a senior lecturer in linguistics at Dartmouth College, said that until the 17th or 18th century, the possessive of proper names ending in S 鈥� such as Jesus or Moses 鈥� often was simply the name itself with no apostrophe or additional S. Eventually, the apostrophe was added (Jesus' or Moses') to denote possession, though the pronunciation remained the same.
鈥淭hat became kind of the standard that I was taught and adhere to, even though in retrospect, I don鈥檛 think it鈥檚 a great standard,鈥� he said.
That鈥檚 because linguists view writing as a representation of speech, and speech has changed since then. Pulju said he expects the 鈥檚 form to become dominant eventually. But for now, he 鈥� along with the Merriam-Webster dictionary 鈥� says either way is acceptable.
鈥淎s long as people are communicating successfully, we say language is doing what it鈥檚 supposed to be doing,鈥� he said. 鈥淚f you can read it whichever way it鈥檚 written, then it seems like it鈥檚 working for people. They鈥檙e not getting confused about whose running mate Tim Walz is.鈥�
If she wins in November, Harris would become the fourth U.S. president with a last name ending in S and the first since Rutherford B. Hayes, who was elected in 1876 鈥� 130 years before the founding of Twitter 鈥� and was spared the social media frenzy over apostrophes. Harris is the first nominee with such a tricky last name since 1988, when Democrat Michael Dukakis lost to George H.W. Bush.
Dukakis, now 90, said in a phone interview Monday that he doesn't recall any similar discussion when he was the nominee. But he agrees with the AP.
鈥淚t sounds to me like it would be s, apostrophe, and that鈥檚 it,鈥� he said.
The Harris campaign, meanwhile, has yet to take a clear position. A press release issued Monday by her New Hampshire team touted 鈥淗arris's positive vision," a day after her national press office wrote about 鈥淗arris' seventh trip to Nevada.鈥�
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This story has been updated to correct that Harris would be the fourth president with a last name ending in S, not third and that Dukakis lost in 1988, not 1984.
Holly Ramer, The Associated Press
